Coconut Research

The journal articles listed below are just a small sampling of the many published studies involving coconut oil, medium-chain triglycerides, and other related subjects.

Is there enough evidence to support the health claims attributed to coconut? Go here for the answer.

Quick links to research categories on this page:

Coconut Oil

Antimicrobial Effects
Cancer
Cardiovascular Health
Diabetes
Digestion and Nutrient Absorption
Epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, and other Neurological Disorders
HIV/AIDS, and Sexually Transmitted Disease
Hospital Patient Care/Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
Intestinal Health
Kidney Health
Liver Health
Malabsorption Syndromes
Metabolism/Energy
Skin Health
Weight Management
Other Health Concerns Involving Coconut Oil/Medium Chain Fatty Acids
Miscellaneous

Coconut Water

Anticancer Properties
Cardiovascular Health
Coconut Phytohormones (growth stimulators/modulators)
Intravenous Therapy
Oral Rehydration Therapy
Preservation of Living Tissue
Other Health Aspects of Coconut Water

Coconut Eating Population Studies

Coconut Oil Studies

Note: A large number of studies are showing a direct correlation between chronic low-grade bacterial and viral infections and coronary heart disease. The primary culprits are Chlamydia pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus, and Helicobacter pylori. Each of these pathogenic
organisms as well as many others are effectively killed by the medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil. Coconut oil, therefore, can reduce risk of heart disease.

Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pathogenicity. Open Heart. 2016 Jul 27;3(2):e000467. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000467

Influence of virgin coconut oil-enriched diet on the transcriptional regulation of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in rats – a comparative study. Br J Nutr. 2014 May 28;111(10):1782-1790

Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar 18;160(6):398-406

Retrospective cohort study of the efficacy of caprylic triglyceride in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Published Date October, 2013, Volume 2013:9 Pages 1619-1627

Virgin Coconut Oil Prevents Blood Pressure Elevation and Improves Endothelial Functions in Rats Fed with Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil Published online Jun 5, 2013

Health Properties of Coconut Oil. Agro Food Industry Hi Tech. May/June 2013 Vol 24n3.

Dietary fats and health: dietary recommendations in the context of scientific evidence. Adv Nutr. 2013 May 1;4(3):294-302

Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis, BMJ 2013;346

Impact of a traditional dietary supplement with coconut milk and soya milk on the lipid profile in normal free living subjects. J Nutr Metab. 2013

Virgin coconut oil improves hepatic lipid metabolism in rats–compared with copra oil, olive oil and sunflower oil. Indian J Exp Biol. 2012 Nov;50(11):802-809.

The Ketogenic Diet as a Treatment Paradigm for Diverse Neurological Disorders, Front Pharmacol. 2012; 3: 59.

Comparison of native and capric acid-enriched mustard oil effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant protection in rats. Br J Nutr. 2012 Mar;107(6):845-849

Influence of coconut oil administration on some hematologic and metabolic parameters in pregnant rats. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 Oct;24(10):1254-1258

Dietary fatty acids and oxidative stress in the heart mitochondria. Mitochondrion. 2011 Jan;11(1):97-103

In vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of dried and fermented processed virgin coconut oil. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(3):231-236

Coconut oil is associated with a beneficial lipid profile in pre-menopausal women in the Philippines. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20(2):190-195.

An open-label pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of virgin coconut oil in reducing visceral adiposity. ISRN Pharmacol. 2011

Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence. Lipids. 2010 Oct;45(10):893-905

Consumption of coconut milk did not increase cardiovascular disease risk in mice, International Journal of Current Research Vol. 6, pp.063-064, July, 2010

Palm oil and health : a case of manipulated perception and misuse of science. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Jun;29(3 Suppl):240S-244S.

Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Mar;91(3):535-546

Medium-chain fatty acids: functional lipids for the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res. 2010 Mar;61(3):208-212

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):151-157.

Successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia with a formula diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;56(3):170-175.

Medium-and long-chain fatty acid triacylglycerol reduce body fat and serum triglyceride in overweight and hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009 Sep;43(9):765-771.

A ketogenic diet increases succinic dehydrogenase activity in aging cardiomyocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Aug;1171:377-384.

Consumption of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols decreases body fat and blood triglyceride in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;63(7):879-886

Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity. Lipids. 2009 Jul;44(7):593-601

Comparison of lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes among south Indian men consuming coconut oil and sunflower oil. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2009 Jan;24(1):76-81.

A good response to oil with medium- and long-chain fatty acids in body fat and blood lipid profiles of male hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(3):351-358.

Medium chain triglyceride oil consumption as part of a weight loss diet does not lead to an adverse metabolic profile when compared to olive oil. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Oct;27(5):547-552.

The benefit of medium-chain triglyceride therapy on the cardiac function of SHRs is associated with a reversal of metabolic and signaling alterations. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008 Jul;295(1):H136-144

Medium-chain fatty acids as metabolic therapy in cardiac disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2008 Apr;22(2):97-106.

The effect of virgin coconut oil on the cholesterol level of patients with hypercholesterolemia. Fil Fam Phy. 2008 Jan-Mar 46(1):9-17.

Effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in a group of moderately overweight free-living type 2 diabetic Chinese subjects. Metabolism. 2007 Jul;56(7):985-991.

Anti-inflammatory activity of virgin coconut oil. Philipp J Intern Med. 2007;Mar-Apr 45(2):85-88.

Chylopericardium as a complication of cardiac surgery: report of two cases and review of the literature. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2007 Jan-Feb;135(1-2):88-91.

Beneficial effects of coconut water feeding on lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. J Med Food. 2006 Fall;9(3):400-407.

Coconut fats. Ceylon Med J. 2006 Jun;51(2):47-51.

The antioxidant effect of virgin coconut oil on lipid peroxidation. Philipp J Intern Med. 2005 Jul-Aug 43(4):199-204.

Fatty acid oxidation and its impact on response of spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts to an adrenergic stress: benefits of a medium-chain fatty acid. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 Mar;288(3):H1425-1436

Comparative Study of Coconut Oil, Soybean Oil, and Hydrogenated Soybean Oil. PJCS. 2004;24

Antibiotic treatment of atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003 Dec;14(6):605-614.

Octanoate Inhibits Triglyceride Synthesis in 3T3-L1 and Human Adipocytes, The American Society for Nutritional Sciences, J. Nutr. 133:2512-2518, August 2003

Chronic infection and coronary artery disease. Cardiol Clin. 2003 Aug;21(3):333-362.

Coconut Oil: Atherogenic or Not? (What therefore causes Atherosclerosis?). Philippine Journal of Cardiology. 2003 July-Sept; 31(3):97-104.

Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the atherosclerotic plaque of patients with unstable angina and its relation with serology. Int J Cardiol. 2003 Jun;89(2-3):273-279.

A diet rich in coconut oil reduces diurnal postprandial variations in circulating tissue plasminogen activator antigen and fasting lipoprotein (a) compared with a diet rich in unsaturated fat in women. J. Nutr. 2003;133:3422-3427.

Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols on serum lipoproteins and biochemical parameters in healthy men. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Aug;66(8):1713-1718

A ketogenic diet favorably affects serum biomarkers for cardiovascular disease in normal-weight men. J Nutr. 2002 Jul;132(7):1879-1885.

Results of use of metformin and replacement of starch with saturated fat in diets of patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract. 2002 May-Jun;8(3):177-183.

Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease with antimicrobials: current status and future directions. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2002;2(2):107-118.

Chronic infections and atherosclerosis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 Dec;84 Suppl 3:S650-657.

Emerging relations between infectious diseases and coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. CMAJ 2000 Jul 11;163(1);49-56.

The possible role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the origin of atherosclerosis. J Clin Virol 2000 Feb;16(1):17-24.

Effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and C-reactive protein levels. Am J Cardiol 2000 Jan 15;85(2):140-146.

A cross-over study of the effect of a single oral feeding of medium chain triglyceride oil vs. canola oil on post-ingestion plasma triglyceride levels in healthy men. Altern Med Rev 1999 Feb;4(1):23-28.

Inverse association of dietary fat with development of ischemic stroke in men. JAMA 1997 December;278(24):2145-2150.

The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart disease in Kerala, south India. Trop Doct. 1997 Oct;27(4):215-217.

Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link? Lancet, 1997 Aug;350(9075):430-436.

Review: nutritional support for patients with cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Apr;12(4):282-286.

Dietary medium-chain triglycerides can prevent changes in myosin and SR due to CPT-1 inhibition by etomoxir. Am J Physiol. 1995 Sep;269(3 Pt 2):R630-640.

Coconut oil consumption and coronary heart disease. Philipp J Intern Med. 1992 May-Jun; 30(3):165-171.

Lipid patterns and dietary habits of healthy subjects living in urban, suburban and rural areas. Ceylon Med J. 1991 Mar;36(1):9-16.

A reevaluation of coconut oil’s effect on serum cholesterol and atherogenesis. J Philipp Med Assoc.1989; 65(1):144-152.

Coconut oil revisited. J Philipp Med Assoc. 1988;64(4):140-142.

Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in aging and arteriosclerosis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(3-4):115-121.

Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and migration: the Tokelau Island Migrant Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1985 Aug;122(2):291-301.

Lee, S.M., et al. Prevention of the metabolic effects of 2-tetradecylglycidate by octanoic acid in the genetically diabetic mouse. Biochem Med 1985;33:104-109.

Cholesterol, coconuts, and diet on Polynesian atolls: a natural experiment: the Pukapuka and Tokelau island studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Aug;34(8):1552-1561.

The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: serum lipid concentration in two environments. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34(2-3):45-55.

Chylothorax as a manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis: its postoperative management with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Chest 1978;73;672-673

Long-term effect of medium-chain triglyceride on hepatic enzymes catalyzing lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1977;23(1):43-51.

Studies on Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue and Blood Lipids of Polynesians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1969 May; 22(5):594-605.

Effects of medium chain length triglyceride (MCT) on serum lipids and lipoproteins in familial hyperchylomicronemia (dietary fat-induced lipemia) and dietary carbohydrate-accentuated lipemia. J Lab Clin Med 1965;66:912-926.

Effect of a saturated medium-chain triglyceride on serum-lipids in man. Lancet. 1960 May 21;1(7134):1105-1108.

Influence Of High-Fat Diets On Growth And Development Of Obesity In The Albino Rat, Tale Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Tale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Received For publication August 5, 1957

Diabetes

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Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pathogenicity. Open Heart. 2016 Jul 27;3(2):e000467.

Soybean Oil Is More Obesogenic and Diabetogenic than Coconut Oil and Fructose in Mouse: Potential Role for the Liver, Published: July 22, 2015, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132672

Contrasting metabolic effects of medium- versus long-chain fatty acids in skeletal muscle. J Lipid Res. 2013 Dec;54(12):3322-3333.

Anti-diabetic effects of cold and hot extracted virgin coconut oil. JDM, Vol.1 No.4, November 2011

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Mar;4(3):241-247.

An open-label pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of virgin coconut oil in reducing visceral adiposity. ISRN Pharmacol. 2011

In vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of dried and fermented processed virgin coconut oil. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(3):231-236

Coconut oil is associated with a beneficial lipid profile in pre-menopausal women in the Philippines. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20(2):190-195.

Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;42(3):142-145

Medium-chain fatty acids: functional lipids for the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res. 2010 Mar;61(3):208-212

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):151-157.

Consumption of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols decreases body fat and blood triglyceride in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;63(7):879-886

Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity. Lipids. 2009 Jul;44(7):593-601

Medium-chain fatty acids improve cognitive function in intensively treated type 1 diabetic patients and support in vitro synaptic transmission during acute hypoglycemia. Diabetes. 2009 May;58(5):1237-1244

Medium-chain fatty acids ameliorate insulin resistance caused by high-fat diets in rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009 Feb;25(2):185-94.

Lower weight gain and higher expression and blood levels of adiponectin in rats fed medium-chain TAG compared with long-chain TAG. Lipids. 2006 Feb;41(2):207-212.

Results of use of metformin and replacement of starch with saturated fat in diets of patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract. 2002 May-Jun;8(3):177-183.

Effects of diet high in medium-chain triglyceride on plasma ketone, glucose, and insulin concentrations in enterectomized and normal rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1994 Apr;40(2):147-159.

Dietary substitution of medium-chain triglycerides improves insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes. 1992 May;41(5):641-647.

Insulinotropic potency of lauric acid: a metabolic rationale for medium chain fatty acids (MCF) in TPN formulation. J Surg Res. 1992 Apr;52(4):328-333.

Prevention of the metabolic effects of 2-tetradecylglycidate by octanoic acid in the genetically diabetic mouse. Biochem Med 1985;33:104-109.

Eucaloric substitution of medium chain triglycerides for dietary long chain fatty acids in acquired total lipodystrophy: effects on hyperlipoproteinemia and endogenous insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983 Sep;57(3):517-523.

Medium-chain fats in dietetic treatment of some disorders of the digestive tract. Pol Tyg Lek. 1972 Jul 31;27(31):1207-1210.

Experimental Diabetes and Diet. Science. 1947 May 23;105(2734):548-549.

Digestion and Nutrient Absorption

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Dietary fatty acid determines the intestinal absorption of lutein in lutein deficient mice, Food Research International, Volume 64, October 2014, Pages 256–263

Health Properties of Coconut Oil. Agro Food Industry Hi Tech. May/June 2013 Vol 24n3.

Coconut Oil Enhances Tomato Carotenoid Tissue Accumulation Compared to Safflower Oil in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Aug 16

Virgin coconut oil supplementation prevents bone loss in osteoporosis rat model. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012

The effects of virgin coconut oil on bone oxidative status in ovariectomised rat. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012.

Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerol on mRNA level of gluconeogenic enzymes in malnourished rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008 Dec;54(6):507-510.

Antiulcerogenic effects of coconut (Cocos nucifera) extract in rats. Phytother Res. 2008 Jul;22(7):970-972.

Diet supplemented with MCT oil in the management of childhood diarrhea. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007;16:286-292.

Disorders of carnitine transport and the carnitine cycle. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2006;142C:77-85.

Short term effects of dietary medium-chain fatty acids and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fat metabolism of healthy volunteers. Lipids Health Dis. 2003 Nov 17;2(1):10.

Effects of medium-chain fatty acids on intracellular calcium levels and the cytoskeleton in human intestinal (Caco-2) cell monolayers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Apr;65(4):743-51.

Effects of different medium-chain fatty acids on intestinal absorption of structured triacylglycerols. Lipids 2000;35:83-89.

Effects of medium-chain and long-chain triacylglycerols in pediatric surgical patients. Nutrition 2000;16:401-406.

Effects of medium-chain fatty acids on body composition and protein metabolism in overweight rats. J Physiol Biochem 2000;56:337-346.

A cross-over study of the effect of a single oral feeding of medium chain triglyceride oil vs. canola oil on post-ingestion plasma triglyceride levels in healthy men. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:23-28.

Effects of medium- and long-chain triglycerides on sleep and thermoregulatory processes in neonates. J Sleep Res. 1998 Mar;7(1):31-39.

Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications. Life Sci 1998;62:1203-1215.

Intestinal absorption of medium chain fatty acids: in vivo studies in pigs devoid of exocrine pancreatic secretion. Br J Nutr. 1994 Oct;72(4):545-553.

13C NMR studies of the binding of medium-chain fatty acids to human serum albumin. J Lipid Res. 1994 Mar;35(3):458-467.

Medium-chain fatty acid oxidation in colostrum-deprived newborn piglets: stimulative effect of L-carnitine supplementation. J Nutr. 1993 Sep;123(9):1531-1537.

Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill: use of a medium chain triglyceride emulsion. Intensive Care Med 1993;19:89-95.

A comparison of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in surgical patients. Ann Surg 1993;217:175-184.

Vegetable oil fortified feeds in the nutrition of very low birthweight babies. Indian Pediatr. 1992 Dec;29(12):1519-1527.

Absorption and intestinal catabolism of fatty acids in the rat: effect of chain length and unsaturation. Exp Physiol. 1991 May;76(3):445-455.

Role of carnitine in utilization of dietary medium-chain triglycerides by term infants, Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:820-824

Neonatal hypoglycemia. Biol Neonate. 1990;58 Suppl 1:16-21.

Infant feeding formulas using coconut oil and the medium chain triglycerides. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Jun;8(3):253-254.

Medium-chain fatty acids increase glucose production in normal and low birth weight newborns. Am J Physiol. 1989 May;256(5 Pt 1):E692-697.

Coconut oil and its use in infant formula manufacturing. J Am Coll Nutr. 1988 Aug;7(4):325-329.

Absorption of individual fatty acids from long chain or medium chain triglycerides in very small infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 May;43(5):745-751.

Prevention of the metabolic effects of 2-tetradecylglycidate by octanoic acid in the genetically diabetic mouse. Biochem Med 1985;33:104-109.

Effect of oral administration of lipids with 67% medium chain triglycerides on glucose homeostasis in preterm neonates. Metabolism. 1981 Jul;30(7):712-716.

Studies on fat digestion, absorption, and transport in the suckling rat. I. Fatty acid composition and concentrations of major lipid components. J Lipid Res 1981;22:668-674.

Chylous-fluid triglycerides and lipoproteins in a patient with chylothorax put on a diet of butter or medium-chain triglyceride proceeedings. Arch Int Physiol Biochim. 1980 Feb;88(1):B17-B19.

Regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. Annu Rev Biochem. 1980;49:395-420.

Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on calcium and magnesium absorption. Pediatrics. 1978 Apr;61(4):537-545.

Chylothorax as a manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis: its postoperative management with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Chest 1978;73;672-673

MCT absorption by preterm infants. Nutr Rev. 1976 Mar;34(3):71-73.

Correction of the malabsorption of the preterm infant with a medium-chain triglyceride formula. J Pediatr. 1975 Mar;86(3):446-450.

Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption. Pediatrics. 1975 Mar;55(3):359-370.

Lactose-free, medium-chain triglyceride formulas in severe malnutrition. Am J Dis Child. 1973 Sep;126(3):330-335.

The effect of medium-chain triglyceride on 47 calcium absorption in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut. 1973 Aug;14(8):653-656.

Effect of medium chain triglyceride on fecal calcium losses in pancreatic insufficiency. Clin Biochem. 1973 Jun;6(2):136-140.

The effects of medium-chain triglycerides in the short bowel syndrome. Increased glucose and water transport. Am J Dig Dis. 1972 Mar;17(3):233-238.

Absorption of medium-chain triglycerides in animals with pancreatic atrophy. Am J Dig Dis. 1972 Feb;17(2):129-137.

Studies on coconut-fat, soy-oil and triglycerides with middle chains (“MCT”) in milk-substitute preparations. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1971 Sep 10;83(36):640-642.

Medium Chain Triglycerides in Paediatric Practice. Arch Dis Child. 1970 August; 45(242): 445–452.

Coconut oil as a dietary source of fat with special reference to filled milk. Hawaii Med J. 1969 Jul-Aug;28(6):459-463.

Assessment of Medium-chain Triglyceride Feeding in Infants with Cystic Fibrosis. Arch. Dis. Childh., 1969, 44, 401.

Nutritional properties of medium-chain triglycerides. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1968 Jan;45(1):19-22.

Biochemical aspects of fat absorption. Gastroenterology 1966;50:78-82.

Alleviation of Vitamin B Deficiency in the Rat by Certain Natural Fats and Synthetic Esters, J Nutr, November 9, 1936

Epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, and other Neurological Disorders

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Lauric Acid Stimulates Ketone Body Production in the KT-5 Astrocyte Cell Line. Oleo Sci. 2016 Aug 1;65(8):693-699.

Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pathogenicity. Open Heart. 2016 Jul 27;3(2):e000467.

Can Ketones Help Rescue Brain Fuel Supply in Later Life? Implications for Cognitive Health during Aging and the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Mol Neurosci. 2016 Jul 8;9:53. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00053.

Can ketones compensate for deteriorating brain glucose uptake during aging? Implications for the risk and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Mar;1367(1):12-20. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12999.

Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer’s model, Neurobiology of Aging, Dec. 7, 2015

Reversal of cognitive decline: A novel therapeutic program, Priority Research Paper, Volume 6, Issue 9, pp 707—717, published Sept. 2014

The role of dietary coconut for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: potential mechanisms of action, British Journal of Nutrition (2015), 114, 1–14

Coconut Oil Attenuates the Effects of Amyloid-β on Cortical Neurons In Vitro. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013 Oct 22.

Health Properties of Coconut Oil. Agro Food Industry Hi Tech. May/June 2013 Vol 24n3.

Medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet, an effective treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy and a comparison with other ketogenic diets. Biomed J. 2013 Jan-Feb;36(1):9-15

Caprylic Triglyceride as a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Effectively Improve the Performance and Attenuate the Symptoms Due to the Motor Neuron Loss in ALS Disease, Published: November 07, 2012

A ketone ester diet exhibits anxiolytic and cognition-sparing properties, and lessens amyloid and tau pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, September 2012

Alternative diets to the classical ketogenic diet–can we be more liberal? Epilepsy Res. 2012 Jul;100(3):278-285. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.06.007

Anticonvulsant profile of caprylic acid, a main constituent of the medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic diet, in mice. Neuropharmacology. 2012 Mar;62(4):1882-1889

The Ketogenic Diet as a Treatment Paradigm for Diverse Neurological Disorders, Front Pharmacol. 2012; 3: 59.

A ketogenic diet delays weight loss and does not impair working memory or motor function in the R6/2 1J mouse model of Huntington’s disease. Physiol Behav. 2011 Jul 6;103(5):501-507.

2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Treatment Induces Ketogenesis, Sustains Mitochondrial Function, and Reduces Pathology in Female Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. PLoS One. 2011; 6(7)

Caregiver Reports Following Dietary Intervention with Medium Chain Fatty Acids in 60 Persons with Dementia. International Symposium of Dietary Interventions for Epilepsy and Other Neurologic Diseases, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2010.

Ketogenic diets: an historical antiepileptic therapy with promising potentialities for the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev. 2010 Jul;9(3):273-279.

Dietary supplementation with medium-chain TAG has long-lasting cognition-enhancing effects in aged dogs. Br J Nutr. 2010 Jun;103(12):1746-1754.

Axona (Accera, Inc): a new medical food therapy for persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2010 Jun;31(6):435-436.

Efficacy of dietary treatments for epilepsy. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010 Apr;23(2):113-119.

Case Study: Dietary intervention using coconut oil to produce mild ketosis in a 58 year old APOE4+ male with early onset Alzheimer’s disease. 25th International Conference of Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), March 10-13, 2010, Greece.

Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease. Future treatments in Alzheimer’s disease. 25th International Conference of Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), March 10-13, 2010.

A ketogenic diet increases succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and recovers age-related decrease in numeric density of SDH-positive mitochondria in cerebellar Purkinje cells of late-adult rats. Micron. 2010 Feb;41(2):143-148.

Effect of two medium chain triglycerides-supplemented diets on synaptic morphology in the cerebellar cortex of late-adult rats. Microsc Res Tech. 2009 Dec;72(12):933-938.

Reduced pain and inflammation in juvenile and adult rats fed a ketogenic diet. PLoS One. 2009 Dec 23;4(12):

Dietary enrichment with medium chain triglycerides (AC-1203) elevates polyunsaturated fatty acids in the parietal cortex of aged dogs: implications for treating age-related cognitive decline. Neurochem Res. 2009 Sep;34(9):1619-1625.

Study of the ketogenic agent AC-1202 in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, Published: 10 August 2009, Nutrition & Metabolism 2009, 6:31

Ketogenic diet protects dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity via up-regulating glutathione in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res. 2009 Aug 25;1286:25-31. doi:

A randomized trial of classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 May;50(5):1109-1117.

Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: Recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group, Volume 50, Issue 2, pages 304–317, February 2009

An Overview of the Ketogenic Diet for Pediatric Epilepsy, DECEMBER 2008-JANUARY 2009 vol 23, no 6, 589-596

Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic therapy. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49 Suppl 8:33-36.

Direct assessments of the antioxidant effects of propofol medium chain triglyceride/long chain triglyceride on the brain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Anesthesiology. 2008 Sep;109(3):426-435.

Induction of ketosis may improve mitochondrial function and decrease steady-state amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) levels in the aged dog. Brain Res. 2008 Aug 21;1226:209-217.

Growth of children on classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets. Pediatrics. 2008 Aug;122(2):e334-40. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-2410.

Induction of ketosis may improve mitochondrial function and decrease steady-state amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) levels in the aged dog. Brain Res. 2008 Aug 21;1226:209-217.

Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2008 Jul;5(3):470-480.

Ketogenic diets cause opposing changes in synaptic morphology in CA1 hippocampus and dentate gyrus of late-adult rats. Rejuvenation Res. 2008 Jun;11(3):631-640.

Is the antiepileptic effect of the ketogenic diet due to ketones? Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(3):536-539.

Hypometabolism as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer’s Disease, BMC Neurosci. 2008;9 2: S16.

Effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Mar;25(3):311-314.

GLUT-1 deficiency without epilepsy–an exceptional case. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(6):559-563.

Clinical experience of ketogenic diet on children with refractory epilepsy. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 1999 Mar-Apr;40(2):97-100.

A multicenter study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Arch Neurol. 1998 Nov;55(11):1433-1437.

Ketogenic diet—an alternative therapy for epilepsy in adults. Harefuah. 1998 Apr 1;134 (7):529-531, 591.

Medical aspects of ketone body metabolism. Clin Invest Med. 1995 Jun;18(3):193-216.

Implementing a ketogenic diet based on medium-chain triglyceride oil in pediatric patients with cancer. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jun;95(6):693-697.

Metabolic effects of three ketogenic diets in the treatment of severe epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1989 Apr;31(2):152-160.

The medium chain triglyceride diet and intractable epilepsy. Arch Dis Child. 1986; 61:1168-1172.

Therapeutic effects of a ketogenic diet in Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet Suppl. 1986;1:225-246.

Ketone body metabolism in the neonate: development and the effect of diet. Fed Proc. 1985 Apr;44(7):2359-2364.

Preferential utilization of ketone bodies in the brain and lung of newborn rats. Fed Proc. 1985 Apr;44(7):2352-2358.

Early biochemical and EEG correlates of the ketogenic diet in children with atypical absence epilepsy. Pediatr Neural 1985 Mar-Apr;1(2):104-108.

Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet in intractable seizure disorders. Neurology. 1985 Feb;35(2):237-238.

Effects of ketogenic diet on electroconvulsive threshold and brain contents of adenosine nucleotides. Brain Dev. 1983;5(4):375-380.

Monitoring octanoic and decanoic acids in plasma from children with intractable epilepsy treated with medium-chain triglyceride diet. Clin Chem. 1982 Apr;28(4 Pt 1):642-645.

Medium chain triglyceride oil ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. J Hum Nutr. 1978 Apr;32(2):111-116.

Medium-chain triglyceride diet in the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1978 Apr;20(2):249-250.

Medium-chain triglycerides in a ketogenic diet. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1977 Aug;19(4):535-538.

Ketonemia and seizures: metabolic and anticonvulsant effects of two ketogenic diets in childhood epilepsy. Pediatr Res. 1976 May;10(5):536-540.

Relation of ketosis to metabolic changes induced by acute medium-chain triglyceride feeding in rats. J Nutr. 1976 Jan;106(1):58-67.

Ketogenic diet containing medium-chain triglycerides. J Am Diet Assoc. 1973 Mar;62(3):285-290.

Medium-chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy. Neurology. 1971 Nov;21(11):1097-1103.

Hyperketonemia induced in man by medium-chain triglyceride. Diabetes. 1966 Oct;15(10):723-725.

HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Disease

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A study of the clinical activity of a gel combining monocaprin and doxycycline: a novel treatment for herpes labialis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2011 Apr 30.

Early events in sexual transmission of HIV and SIV and opportunities for interventions. Annu Rev Med. 2011 Feb 18;62:127-139.

Virucidal effect of lipids on visna virus, a lentivirus related to HIV. Arch Virol. 2006 Jun;151(6):1217-1224.

Coconut Oil in Health and Disease: Its and Monolaurin’s Potential as Cure for HIV/AIDS By Conrado S. Dayrit, M.D., July, 2000

Hydrogels containing monocaprin prevent intravaginal and intracutaneous infections with HSV-2 in mice: impact on the search for vaginal microbicides. J Med Virol. 2000 May;61(1):107-110.

In vitro susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Nov;43(11):2790-2792.

Development and evaluation of microbicidal hydrogels containing monoglyceride as the active ingredient. J Pharm Sci. 1999 Oct;88(10):1011-1015.

Coconut oil compound may treat STDs. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 1999 Sep;13(9):572.

In vitro inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Sep;42(9):2290-2294.

Interviews and anecdotal reports. Posit Health News. 1998 Spring;(No 16):13-15.

Decreased fat and nitrogen losses in patients with AIDS receiving medium-chain-triglyceride-enriched formula vs those receiving long-chain-triglyceride-containing formula. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Jun;97(6):605-611.

A medium chain triglyceride-based diet in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea reduces diarrhea and malabsorption: a prospective, controlled trial. Nutrition. 1996 Nov-Dec;12(11-12):766-771.

The use of lipid antiviral compounds in lentivirus infections: summary. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Jun 6;724:489-491.

Inactivation of enveloped viruses in human bodily fluids by purified lipids. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Jun 6;724:457-464.

Hospital Patient Care/Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

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Anti-inflammatory effect of elemental diets with different fat composition in experimental colitis. Br J Nutr. 2013 Nov 14:1-8.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Mar;4(3):241-247.

Enteral nutrition improves clinical outcome and shortens hospital stay after cancer surgery. J Invest Surg. 2010 Dec;23(6):309-313.

Enteral diets enriched with medium-chain triglycerides and N-3 fatty acids prevent chemically induced experimental colitis in rats. Transl Res. 2010 Nov;156(5):282-291.

Therapeutic management of neonatal chylous ascites: report of a case and review of the literature. Acta Paediatr. 2010 Sep;99(9):1307-1310.

Preterm infant massage therapy research: a review. Infant Behav Dev. 2010 Apr;33(2):115-124.

Partial replacement of dietary (n-6) fatty acids with medium-chain triglycerides decreases the incidence of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice. J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):603-610.

Therapeutic strategies for idiopathic chylothorax. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Mar;43(3):461-465.

Nutrition of low birth weight infants. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2008 Jan-Mar;112(1):35-41.

Importance of nutritional status in recovery from acute cholecystitis: benefit from enteral nutrition supplementation including medium chain triglycerides. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2007 Sep;104(9):1352-1358.

Chyloperitoneum after blunt abdominal injury. Am Surg. 2007 Aug;73(8):811-813.

Effect of high amounts of medium chain triglyceride and protein enteral nutrition on nutritional status in patients after major abdominal operation. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2007 Jul;10(4):329-332.

New parenteral lipid emulsions for clinical use. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006 Jul-Aug;30(4):351-367.

A randomized controlled trial on the use of virgin coconut oil in augmenting weight gain among infants weighing 1500 grams or less; preliminary results. Philipp J Pediatr. 2005 Oct-Dec 54(4):223-229.

Oil massage in neonates: an open randomized controlled study of coconut versus mineral oil. Indian Pediatr. 2005 Sep;42(9):877-884.

An enteral therapy containing medium-chain triglycerides and hydrolyzed peptides reduces postprandial pain associated with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2003;3(1):36-40.

Clinical and metabolic effects of two lipid emulsions on the parenteral nutrition of septic patients. Nutrition. 2002 Feb;18(2):134-138.

Metabolic effects of medium-chain triglycerides in parenteral nutrition after surgery Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2001 Sep;39(9):694-697.

Medium-chain, triglyceride-containing lipid emulsions increase human neutrophil beta2 integrin expression, adhesion, and degranulation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2000 Jul-Aug;24(4):228-233.

Medium-chain triglycerides inhibit free radical formation and TNF-alpha production in rats given enteral ethanol. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000 Mar;278(3):G467-G476.

Effects of medium-chain and long-chain triacylglycerols in pediatric surgical patients. Nutrition 2000;16:401-405.

The metabolic consequences of infusing emulsions containing medium chain triglycerides for parenteral nutrition: a comparative study with conventional lipid. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1986 May;68(3):119-121.

Medium-chain triglycerides in infant formulas and their relation to plasma ketone body concentrations. Pediatr Res. 1986 Apr;20(4):338-341.

The influence of a preserved colon on the absorption of medium chain fat in patients with small bowel resection. Gut. 1998 Oct;43(4):478-483.

Long chain versus medium chain lipids in patients with ARDS: effects on pulmonary haemodynamics and gas exchange. Intensive Care Med. 1998 Oct;24(10):1029-1033.

Medium-chain compared with long-chain triacylglycerol emulsions enhance macrophage response and increase mucosal mass in parenterally fed rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jun;67(6):1265-1272.

Medium-chain triglycerides in artificial nutrition. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 1997 Dec;43(4):197-208.

Efficacy of different triglycerides in total parenteral nutrition for preventing atrophy of the gut in traumatized rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997 Jan-Feb;21(1):21-26.

Nutritional management of the critically ill neurologic patient. Crit Care Clin. 1997 Jan;13(1):39-49.

Medium-chain triglycerides for parenteral nutrition: kinetic profile in humans. Nutrition. 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5):418-422.

Survival to lipopolysaccharide, cytokine release and phagocyte functions in mice treated with different total parenteral nutrition regimens. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1995 Aug;17(3):493-509.

Absorption of triglycerides with defined or random structure by rats with biliary and pancreatic diversion. Lipids. 1995 Jun;30(6):521-526.

Efficacy of a mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (75%) and long-chain triglyceride (25%) fat emulsions in the nutritional management of multiple-trauma patients. Nutrition 1995;11:275-284.

Conversion of octanoic acid into long-chain saturated fatty acids in premature infants fed a formula containing medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism. 1994 Oct;43(10):1287-1292.

Kinetics of medium-chain triglycerides and free fatty acids in healthy volunteers and surgically stressed patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994 Mar-Apr;18(2):134-140.

Influence of various fatty acids on tumour growth in total parenteral nutrition. Eur Surg Res 1994;26:288-297.

Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill: use of a medium chain triglyceride emulsion. Intensive Care Med 1993;19(2):89-95.

A comparison of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in surgical patients. Ann Surg 1993;217:175-184.

Medium-chain triglycerides and long-term parenteral nutrition in children. Nutrition 1992;8:333-337.

Insulinotropic potency of lauric acid: a metabolic rationale for medium chain fatty acids (MCF) in TPN formulation. J Surg Res. 1992 Apr;52(4):328-333.

Effects of different lipid sources in total parenteral nutrition on whole body protein kinetics and tumor growth. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1992;16:545-551.

Long-chain versus medium and long-chain triglyceride-based fat emulsion in parenteral nutrition of severe head trauma patients. Infusionstherapie. 1990 Oct;17(5):246-248.

Effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as an energy substrate after hepatectomy in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1990;190:153-162.

Role of carnitine in utilization of dietary medium-chain triglycerides by term infants, Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:820-824

Clinical and experimental effects of medium-chain-triglyceride-based fat emulsions–a review. Clin Nutr. 1989 Oct;8(5):223-235.

Medium-chain fatty acids increase glucose production in normal and low birth weight newborns. Am J Physiol. 1989 May;256(5 Pt 1):E692-697.

Medium-chain triglycerides–useful energy carriers in parenteral nutrition. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1989 Apr 14;101(8):300-303.

Nitrogen excretion in cancer cachexia and its modification by a high fat diet in mice. Cancer Res 1989;49:3800-3804.

Comparison of medium and long chain triglyceride metabolism in intensive care patients on parenteral nutrition. Intensive Care Med. 1989;15(4):250-254.

Total parental nutrition using conventional and medium chain triglycerides: effect on liver function tests, complement, and nitrogen balance. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1988;12:15-19.

Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids as unique nonglucose energy sources in hyperalimentation. Lipids. 1987 Jun;22(6):421-423.

Mediuim chain triglycerides and structured lipids. Lipids 1987;22:417-420.

The metabolic consequences of infusing emulsions containing medium chain triglycerides for parenteral nutrition: a comparative study with conventional lipid. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1986;68:119-121.

Protein metabolism during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in injured rats using medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism 1984;33:901-909.

Effect of oral administration of lipids with 67% medium chain triglycerides on glucose homeostasis in preterm neonates. Metabolism. 1981 Jul;30(7):712-716.

Chylous-fluid triglycerides and lipoproteins in a patient with chylothorax put on a diet of butter or medium-chain triglyceride proceeedings. Arch Int Physiol Biochim. 1980 Feb;88(1):B17-B19

Chylothorax as a manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis: its postoperative management with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Chest 1978;73;672-673

Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption. Pediatrics. 1975 Mar;55(3):359-370.

Correction of the malabsorption of the preterm infant with a medium-chain triglyceride formula. J Pediatr. 1975 Mar;86(3):446-450.

Fat and nitrogen balance with medium-chain triglycerides after massive intestinal resection. Am J Clin Nutr 1969;22:14-20.

Intravenous infusions into human subjects of fractionated coconut oil emulsions. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1952 Apr;79(4):721-723.

Intestinal Health

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Anti-inflammatory effect of elemental diets with different fat composition in experimental colitis. Br J Nutr. 2014 Apr 14;111(7):1213-1220.

Anti-inflammatory effect of elemental diets with different fat composition in experimental colitis. Br J Nutr. 2013 Nov 14:1-8.

In vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of dried and fermented processed virgin coconut oil. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(3):231-236.

Enteral diets enriched with medium-chain triglycerides and N-3 fatty acids prevent chemically induced experimental colitis in rats. Transl Res. 2010 Nov;156(5):282-291.

Dietary medium-chain triglycerides prevent chemically induced experimental colitis in rats. Transl Res. 2010 Mar;155(3):131-141.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):151-157.

Evidence for medium chain triglycerides in the treatment of primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Aug;19(4):241-245.

Partial replacement of dietary (n-6) fatty acids with medium-chain triglycerides decreases the incidence of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice. J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):603-610.

Medium-chain triglycerides enhance mucous secretion and cell proliferation in the rat. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(3):204-211.

Antiulcerogenic effects of coconut (Cocos nucifera) extract in rats. Phytother Res. 2008 Jul;22(7):970-972.

Hypocalcaemic seizures: sign of intestinal disease? Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2007 Apr-Jun;70(2):243-244.

Anti-inflammatory activity of virgin coconut oil. Philipp J Intern Med. 2007;Mar-Apr 45(2):85-88.

Diet supplemented with MCT oil in the management of childhood diarrhea. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):286-292.

Medium chain triglycerides enhance intestinal recovery from viral diarrhea. Philipp J Pediatr. 2004 Jan-Mar 53(1):39-41.

Protective effects of medium-chain triglycerides on the liver and gut in rats administered endotoxin. Ann Surg. 2003 Feb;237(2):246-255.

A medium chain triglyceride-based diet in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea reduces diarrhea and malabsorption: a prospective, controlled trial. Nutrition. 1996 Nov-Dec;12(11-12):766-771.

Kidney Health

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In vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of dried and fermented processed virgin coconut oil. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(3):231-236.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):151-157.

Anti-inflammatory activity of virgin coconut oil. Philipp J Intern Med. 2007;Mar-Apr 45(2):85-88.

Comparison of the fat elimination between long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides in rats with ischemic acute renal failure. Ren. Fail. 2002 Jan;24(1):1-9.

Protective effect of coconut oil on renal necrosis occurring in rats fed a methyl-deficient diet. Ren. Fail. 1995 Sep; 17 (5):525-537.

Liver Health

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Soybean Oil Is More Obesogenic and Diabetogenic than Coconut Oil and Fructose in Mouse: Potential Role for the Liver, Published: July 22, 2015, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132672

Medium chain triglycerides dose-dependently prevent liver pathology in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013 Feb;238(2):151-162.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Mar;4(3):241-247.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Dried- and Fermented-Processed Virgin Coconut Oil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 142739, 8 pages

In vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of dried and fermented processed virgin coconut oil. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(3):231-236.

Toll-like receptor-2 deficiency enhances non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010 May 28;10:52.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):151-157.

Influence of virgin coconut oil (VCNO) on oxidative stress, serum testosterone and gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) in chronic ethanol ingestion. September 2010, Agriculture & Biology Journal of North America;2010, Vol. 1 Issue 6, p1126

Role of medium-chain triglycerides in the alcohol-mediated cytochrome P450 2E1 induction of mitochondria. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Oct;31(10):1660-1668.

Anti-inflammatory activity of virgin coconut oil. Philipp J Intern Med. 2007;Mar-Apr 45(2):85-88.

Alcoholic fatty liver: its pathogenesis and mechanism of progression to inflammation and fibrosis. Alcohol. 2004 Aug;34(1):9-19.

Dietary saturated fat reduces alcoholic hepatotoxicity in rats by altering fatty acid metabolism and membrane composition. J Nutr. 2004 Apr;134(4):904-912.

Protective effects of medium-chain triglycerides on the liver and gut in rats administered endotoxin. Ann Surg. 2003 Feb;237(2):246-255.

Dietary saturated fatty acids reverse inflammatory and fibrotic changes in rat liver despite continued ethanol administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Nov;299(2):638-644.

Medium-chain triglycerides inhibit free radical formation and TNF-alpha production in rats given enteral ethanol. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000 Mar;278(3):G467-G476.

Dietary saturated fatty acids down-regulate cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor alfa and reverse fibrosis in alcohol-induced liver disease in the rat. Hepatology. 1997 Dec;26(6):1538-1545.

Review: nutritional support for patients with cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Apr;12(4):282-286.

Efficacy of a mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (75%) and long-chain triglyceride (25%) fat emulsions in the nutritional management of multiple-trauma patients. Nutrition 1995;11:275-284.

Beneficial effects of enteral fat administration on liver dysfunction, liver lipid accumulation, and protein metabolism in septic rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1995;41:657-669.

Opposite effects of dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on ethanol-pharmacokinetics, triglycerides and carnitines. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994 Aug;13(4):338-343.

Effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as an energy substrate after hepatectomy in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1990;190:153-162.

The metabolic consequences of infusing emulsions containing medium chain triglycerides for parenteral nutrition: a comparative study with conventional lipid. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1986;68:119-121.

Studies on fat digestion, absorption, and transport in the suckling rat. I. Fatty acid composition and concentrations of major lipid components. J Lipid Res 1981;22:668-674.

Dietary regulation of mammary lipogenesis in lactating rats. Biochem J. 1980 Apr 15;188(1):61-65.

The effect of medium-chain triglyceride on 47 calcium absorption in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut. 1973 Aug;14(8):653-656.

Regression of alcoholic fatty liver in the rat by medium-chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nut. 25: Feb; 1972, pp. 175-181.

The malabsorption associated with chronic liver disease in children. Pediatrics 1971;50:73-83.

Malabsorption in cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1970;23:488-492.

Medium-chain triglyceride diet: its use in treatment of liver disease. Brit Med J 1966;2:1050-1051.

Medium and long chain fat absorption in patients with cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 1966;45:1317-1325.

Effect of exclusion of hepatic circulation on oxidation of octanoic acid in the rat. Proc Soc Exptl Biol Med 1964;116:290-292.

Malabsorption Syndromes

(obstructive jaundice, cystic fibrosis, tropical sprue, a-beta-lipoprotenaemia, intestinal lymphangiectasia, pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal resection, etc.)

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Bile Acid malabsorption. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;10(1):28-33.

Treatment options for chronic cholestasis in infancy and childhood. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2005 Oct;8(5):419-430.

Determination of esterolytic and lipolytic activities of lactic acid bacteria. Methods Mol Biol. 2004;268:465-470.

Hepatitis and cholestasis in infancy: clinical and nutritional aspects. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2003 Sep;91(441):101-104.

Colonic digestion and absorption of energy from carbohydrates and medium-chain fat in small bowel failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S101-S105.

The influence of a preserved colon on the absorption of medium chain fat in patients with small bowel resection. Gut. 1998 Oct;43(4):478-483.

Meeting lipid needs of infants with allergy and gastrointestinal diseases. Eur J Med Res. 1997 Feb 21;2(2):84-87.

Medium-chain triglycerides–useful energy carriers in parenteral nutrition. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1989 Apr 14;101(8):300-303.

Absorption of medium chain triglycerides in patients with blind loop syndrome. Arq Gastroenterol. 1988 Apr-Jun;25(2):75-81.

Use of medium chain triglycerides in the therapy of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Rev Paul Med. 1985 May-Jun;103(3):109-114.

Linoleic acid absorption from lipid supplements in patients with cystic fibrosis with pancreatic insufficiency and in control subjects. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1985;4:45-51.

Effect of high percentage medium-chain triglyceride diet on mucosal adaptation following massive bowel resection in rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1984 Nov-Dec;8(6):685-689.

Studies on fat digestion, absorption, and transport in the suckling rat. I. Fatty acid composition and concentrations of major lipid components. J Lipid Res 1981;22:668-674.

Malabsorption of medium-chain triglycerides in infants with cystic fibrosis: correction with pancreatic enzyme supplement. J Pediatr. 1980 May;96(5):862-864.

Clinical use of medium chain triglycerides. Drugs. 1980 Sep;20(3):216-224.

Medium-chain fatty acid triglycerides (MCT) in the treatment of chronic malabsorption. Pediatr Pol. 1979 Jan;54(1):11-15.

Therapeutic approach to pancreatic extract-induced hypercuricosuria in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1977;90:302-305.

Correction of the malabsorption of the preterm infant with a medium-chain triglyceride formula. J Pediatr. 1975 Mar;86(3):446-450.

Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption. Pediatrics. 1975 Mar;55(3):359-370.

Dietary supplement and nutrition in children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Dis Child 1975;129:165-171.

The use of medium-chain triglyceride in children with intestinal malabsorption. Paediatr Indones. 1974 Jul-Aug;14(7-8):113-117.

Nutritional aspects of chronic pancreatitis. Am J Clin Nutr 1973;26:367-373.

Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) therapy in a case of generalized lymphangiectasia with intestinal loss of proteins. Pol Tyg Lek. 1972 Aug 14;27(33):1283-1284.

Medium-chain triglycerides: a new therapy in malabsorption syndromes. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1971 Aug 3;60(31):1027-1030.

Influence of medium-chain triglycerides on steatorrhea–in maldigestion, malabsorption and primary exudative enteropathy. Am J Proctol. 1971 Feb;22(1):47-55.

Clinical and physiologic aspects of medium-chain triglycerides: alleviation of steatorrhea in premature infants. Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Vol. 47, No. 1, January 1971

The use of medium-chain triglycerides in the management of biliary atresia. J Pediatr 1971;79:379-384.

The malabsorption associated with chronic liver disease in children. Pediatrics 1971;50:73-83.

Malabsorption in cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1970;23:488-492.

Medium chain triglycerides in the diet therapy of malabsorption syndromes. Bull Sci Med (Bologna). 1969 Oct-Dec;141(4):434-443.

Medium chain triglycerides in the treatment of malabsorption disorders. Nord Med. 1969 Jul 24;82(30):921-925.

Treatment of malabsorption by administration of triglycerides of fatty acids with a medium chain. Cas Lek Cesk. 1969 Feb 14;108(7):203-206.

2 patients with extensive resection of the small intestine and one patient with intestinal lymphangiectasies treated with MCT fat. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1969 Jan 4;113(1):17-21.

Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in the realimentation of patients with malabsorption: nitrogen balance, composition of faeces and serum lipoid levels. Nutr Dieta Eur Rev Nutr Diet. 1969;11(3):161-172.

Use of Medium-chain Triglyceride Diets in Children with Malabsorption. Arch. Dis. Childh., 1969, 44, 170.

Fat and nitrogen balance with medium-chain triglycerides after massive intestinal resection. Am J Clin Nutr 1969;22:14-20.

Biochemical studies in malabsorption and clinical use of medium chain triglycerides. Verh K Vlaam Acad Geneeskd Belg. 1969;31(5):355-418.

The value of medium chain triglycerides in malabsorptive disorders in childhood. In Medium Chain Triglycerides, p. 219. Ed by J.R. Senior. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1968.

Absorption of dietary fat: use of medium-chain triglycerides in malabsorption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1968;21:300-304.

Disorders of the serum lipoproteins. I. Lipoprotein deficiency states. Arch Dis Childh 1968;43:393-403.

Experience with medium chain triglycerides in malabsorptive states in childhood. Aust Paediat J 1967;3:135.

Medium-chain triglycerides—clinical and metabolic aspects. J Am Dietet Assoc 1967;51:221-227.

Use of medium chain triglycerides in malabsorption. Ann Internal Med 1967;66:727-734.

Dietary treatment of protein-losing enteropathy. Acta Paediat Scand 1967;56:173-181.

Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in the treatment of protein-losing enteropathy and malabsorption syndromes. Gastroenterol. 1966;1(4):306-313.

Use of medium-chain triglyceride in management of patients with massive resection of the small intestine. New Engl J Med 1966;274:490-493.

Medium and long chain fat absorption in patients with cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 1966;45:1317-1325.

Successful management of massive small-bowel resection based on assessment of absorption defects and nutritional needs. New Engl J Med 1966;274:72-78.

Medium-chain triglyceride diet: its use in treatment of liver disease. Brit Med J 1966;2:1050-1051.

Effect of medium chain triglyceride on cholestyramine-induced steatorrhea in man. Gastroenterology 1965;49:490-495.

Treatment of malabsorption syndrome and exudative enteropathy with synthetic medium chain triglycerides. Am J Gastroent 1965;43:549-559.

The effect of medium chain triglyceride upon fat absorption and plasma lipid and depot fat of children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. J Clin Invest 1965;44:1924-1933.

Effect of exclusion of hepatic circulation on oxidation of octanoic acid in the rat. Proc Soc Exptl Biol Med 1964;116:290-292.

Treatment of chyluria and chylothorax with medium-chain triglyceride. New Engl J Med 1964;270:756-761.

Dietary treatment of protein loss in intestinal lymphangiectasia. Pediatrics 1964;34:629-635.

Congenital beta-lipoprotein deficiency: an hereditary disorder involving a defect in the absorption and transport of lipids. Medicine (Baltimore) 1964;43:347-361.

Absorption of medium chain triglycerides in tropical sprue. Proc Soc Exp Biol (NY) 1964;117:182-185.

Use of eight and ten carbon fatty acids as neutral fat in the management of steatorrhea. Clin Res 1963;11:185.

Metabolism/Energy

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Health Properties of Coconut Oil. Agro Food Industry Hi Tech. May/June 2013 Vol 24n3.

The influence of a pre-exercise sports drink (PRX) on factors related to maximal aerobic performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Mar 11;7:12.

Effect of randomly interesterified triacylglycerols containing medium- and long-chain fatty acids on energy expenditure and hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Oct;69(10):1811-1818.

Medium- versus long-chain triglycerides for 27 days increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure without resulting in changes in body composition in overweight women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Jan;27(1):95-102.

Larger diet-induced thermogenesis and less body fat accumulation in rats fed medium-chain triacylglycerols than in those fed long-chain triacylglycerols. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Dec;48(6):524-529.

Comparison of diet-induced thermogenesis of foods containing medium- versus long-chain triacylglycerols. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Dec;48(6):536-540.

The thermic effect is greater for structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols versus long-chain triacylglycerols in healthy young women. Metabolism. 2001 Jan;50(1):125-130.

Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and urinary catecholamines of humans consuming low-to-moderate amounts of medium-chain triglycerides: a dose-response study in a human respiratory chamber. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Mar;50(3):152-158.

Swimming endurance capacity of mice is increased by chronic consumption of medium-chain triglycerides. J Nutr. 1995 Mar;125(3):531-539.

Postprandial thermogenesis in lean and obese subjects after meals supplemented with medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 May;53(5):1130-1133.

Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism. 1989 Jul;38(7):641-648.

Role of brown adipose tissue in thermogenesis induced by overfeeding a diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Lipids. 1987 Jun;22(6):442-444.

Thermic effect of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Nov;44(5):630-634.

Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Apr;35(4):678-682.

Skin Health

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Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of capric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: a comparative study with lauric acid. J Dermatol Sci. 2014 Mar;73(3):232-240.

The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermalwater loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis:a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Int J Dermatol. 2014 Jan;53(1):100-108.

In vivo treatment of Propionibacterium acnes infection with liposomal lauricacids. Adv Healthc Mater. 2013 Oct;2(10):1322-1328.

Development and anti-microbial potential of topical formulations containing Cocos nucifera Linn. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2013;12(3):253-264.

Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and analgesic potential of cocos nuciferalinn.: a review. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2013;12(2):158-164.

In vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of dried and fermented processed virgin coconut oil. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(3):231-236.

Sebum free fatty acids enhance the innate immune defense of human sebocytes by upregulating beta-defensin-2 expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2010 Apr;130(4):985-994.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):151-157.

Glycerol monolaurate inhibits Candida and Gardnerella vaginalis in vitro and in vivo but not Lactobacillus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Feb;54(2):597-601.

Clinical trial showing superiority of a coconut and anise spray over permethrin 0.43% lotion for head louse infestation, ISRCTN96469780. Eur J Pediatr. 2010 Jan;169(1):55-62.

Effect of topical application of virgin coconut oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal wound healing in young rats. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2010;23(6):290-297.

The antimicrobial activity of liposomal lauric acids against Propionibacterium acnes. Biomaterials. 2009 Oct;30(30):6035-6040.

Antimicrobial property of lauric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: its therapeutic potential for inflammatory acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Oct;129(10):2480-2488.

Antibacterial study of the medium chain fatty acids and their 1-monoglycerides: individual effects and synergistic relationships. Pol J Microbiol. 2009;58(1):43-47.

Novel antibacterial and emollient effects of coconut and virgin olive oils in adult atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2008 Nov-Dec;19(6):308-315.

Burn wound healing property of Cocos nucifera: An appraisal. Indian J Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;40(4):144-146.

Novel antibacterial activity of monolaurin compared with conventional antibiotics against organisms from skin infections: an in vitro study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 Oct;6(10):991-998.

In vitro antimicrobial properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Med Food. 2007 Jun;10(2):384-387.

Development of a virucidal cream containing the monoglyceride monocaprin. Pharmazie. 2005 Dec;60(12):897-899.

Oil Massage in Neonates: An Open Randomized Controlled Study of Coconut versus Mineral Oil. Indian Pediatrics 2005; 42:877-884

A randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil with mineral oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis. Dermatitis. 2004 Sep;15(3):109-116.

Wound management with coconut oil in Indonesian folk medicine. Chirurg. 2002 Apr;73(4):387-392.

In vitro killing of Candida albicans by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Nov;45(11):3209-3212.

Killing of Gram-positive cocci by fatty acids and monoglycerides. APMIS. 2001 Oct;109(10):670-678.

Hydrogels containing monocaprin prevent intravaginal and intracutaneous infections with HSV-2 in mice: impact on the search for vaginal microbicides. J Med Virol. 2000 May;61(1):107-110.

Development and evaluation of microbicidal hydrogels containing monoglyceride as the active ingredient. J Pharm Sci. 1999 Oct;88(10):1011-1015.

Inhibition of growth of dermatophytes by Indian hair oils. Mycoses. 1992 Nov-Dec;35(11-12):363-369.

Weight Management

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Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pathogenicity. Open Heart. 2016 Jul 27;3(2):e000467.

Soybean Oil Is More Obesogenic and Diabetogenic than Coconut Oil and Fructose in Mouse: Potential Role for the Liver, Published: July 22, 2015, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132672

Effects of medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 Feb;115(2):249-263.

Combined medium-chain triglyceride and chilli feeding increases diet-induced thermogenesis in normal-weight humans. Eur J Nutr. 2013 Sep;52(6):1579-1585.

Health Properties of Coconut Oil. Agro Food Industry Hi Tech. May/June 2013 Vol 24n3.

Medium-chain fatty acid nanoliposomes suppress body fat accumulation in mice. Br J Nutr. 2011 Nov;106(9):1330-1336.

An open-label pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of virgin coconut oil in reducing visceral adiposity. ISRN Pharmacol. 2011;2011:949686.

Medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols reduce body fat and blood triacylglycerols in hypertriacylglycerolemic, overweight but not obese, Chinese individuals. Lipids. 2010 Jun;45(6):501-510.

Medium-chain fatty acids: functional lipids for the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res. 2010 Mar;61(3):208-212.

Medium-and long-chain fatty acid triacylglycerol reduce body fat and serum triglyceride in overweight and hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009 Sep;43(9):765-771.

Changes of neuropeptide Y and leptin levels in rat fed with medium-chain triacylglycerides. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2009 Sep;38(5):538-541.

Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity. Lipids. 2009; Jul;44(7):593-601

Consumption of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols decreases body fat and blood triglyceride in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;63(7):879-886.

Comparison of the Effects of Coconut Oil and Soyabean Oil on TSH Level and Weight Gain in Rabbits, Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences ,ISSN 0972-5997, Volume 8, Issue 1; Jan-Mar 2009

A good response to oil with medium- and long-chain fatty acids in body fat and blood lipid profiles of male hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(3):351-358.

Decrease of food intake in rats after ingestion of medium-chain triacylglycerol. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2009;55(5):423-427.

Usefulness and controversial issues of middle-chain fatty acids consumption on lipid-protein metabolism and obesity. Nutr Hosp. 2008 May-Jun;23(3):191-202.

Combined intervention of medium-chain triacylglycerol diet and exercise reduces body fat mass and enhances energy expenditure in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008 Apr;54(2):136-141.

Weight-loss diet that includes consumption of medium-chain triacylglycerol oil leads to a greater rate of weight and fat mass loss than does olive oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):621-626.

The application of medium-chain fatty acids: edible oil with a suppressing effect on body fat accumulation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:320-323.

The effect of virgin coconut oil on weight and lipid profile among overweight, healthy individuals. Philipp J Intern Med. 2008 Jan-Feb 46(1):35-44.

Effects of lauric acid on upper gut motility, plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY, and energy intake are load, but not concentration, dependent in humans. J Physiol. 2007 Jun 1;581(Pt 2):767-777.

Dietary medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols accelerate diet-induced thermogenesis in humans. J Oleo Sci. 2007;56(6):283-287.

Effects of medium-chain fatty acid on weight gain and lipids metabolism in obese rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2006 Mar;35(2):187-190.

Dietary coconut oil increases conjugated linoleic acid-induced body fat loss in mice independent of essential fatty acid deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Oct 15;1737(1):52-60.

Dietary fats, teas, dairy, and nuts: potential functional foods for weight control? Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1):7-15.

Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Dec;27(12):1565-1571.

Short term effects of dietary medium-chain fatty acids and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fat metabolism of healthy volunteers. Lipids Health Dis. 2003 Nov 17;2:10.

Octanoate Inhibits Triglyceride Synthesis in 3T3-L1 and Human Adipocytes. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences J. Nutr. 133:2512-2518, August 2003

Medium-chain oil reduces fat mass and down-regulates expression of adipogenic genes in rats. Obes Res. 2003 Jun;11(6):734-744.

Consumption of an oil composed of medium chain triacyglycerols, phytosterols, and N-3 fatty acids improves cardiovascular risk profile in overweight women. Metabolism. 2003 Jun;52(6):771-777.

Medium-chain triglycerides increase energy expenditure and decrease adiposity in overweight men. Obes Res. 2003 Mar;11(3):395-402.

Effect of dietary medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) on accumulation of body fat in healthy humans. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(2):151-160.

Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):329-332.

Dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols suppress accumulation of body fat in a double-blind, controlled trial in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2001 Nov;131(11):2853-2859.

Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Sep;25(9):1393-1400.

Effects of medium-chain fatty acids on body composition and protein metabolism in overweight rats. J Physiol Biochem. 2000 Dec;56(4):337-346.

Endogenous fat oxidation during medium chain versus long chain triglyceride feeding in healthy women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Sep;24(9):1158-1166.

Effects of medium-chain fatty acids on body composition and protein metabolism in overweight rats. J Physiol Biochem 2000;56:337-346.

Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications. Life Sci. 1998;62(14):1203-1215.

Covert manipulation of the ratio of medium- to long-chain triglycerides in isoenergetically dense diets: effect on food intake in ad libitum feeding men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 May;20(5):435-444.

The role of oils containing triacylglycerols and medium-chain fatty acids in the dietary treatment of obesity. The effect on resting energy expenditure and serum lipids. Cas Lek Cesk. 1994 Jun 13;133(12):373-375.

Hypocaloric feeding in obese women: metabolic effects of medium-chain triglyceride substitution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Feb;49(2):326-330.

Medium chain triglyceride in early life: effects on growth of adipose tissue. Lipids. 1987 Jun;22(6):429-434.

Medium-chain triglyceride diet and obesity. Int J Obes. 1984;8(2):191-192.

Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983 Jan;37(1):1-4.

Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Apr;35(4):678-682.

Metabolic aspects of the use of medium chain triglycerides in the treatment of obesity. Z Ernahrungswiss Suppl 1972;13:116-124.

Other Health Concerns Involving Coconut Oil/Medium Chain Fatty Acids

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Polyphenolics isolated from virgin coconut oil inhibits adjuvant induced arthritis in rats through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014 May;20(1):124-130.

Effect of virgin coconut oil enriched diet on the antioxidant status and paraoxonase 1 activity in ameliorating the oxidative stress in rats – a comparative study. Food Funct. 2013 Sep;4(9):1402-1409.

Fatty acid intake alters growth and immunity in milk-fed calves. J Dairy Sci. 2011 Aug;94(8):3936-3948.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Mar;4(3):241-247.

In vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of dried and fermented processed virgin coconut oil. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(3):231-236.

Coconut oil is associated with a beneficial lipid profile in pre-menopausal women in the Philippines. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20(2):190-195.

Current issues regarding treatment of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010 Oct;33(5):555-561.

The parathyroids and the gut. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Aug;44(7):479-482.

Disorders of muscle lipid metabolism: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Neuromuscul Disord. 2010 Nov;20(11):693-700.

Pre-exercise medium-chain triglyceride application prevents acylcarnitine accumulation in skeletal muscle from very-long-chain acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase-deficient mice. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010 Jun;33(3):237-246.

Effects of dietary medium-chain triglycerides on plasma lipids and lipoprotein distribution and food aversion in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2010 Apr;71(4):435-440.

Novel nutritional management regimen for very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2010 Mar;50(3):172-174.

Successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia with a formula diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;56(3):170-175.

Lauric acid and myristic acid prevent testosterone induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Jan 25;626(2-3):262-265.

Glycogen storage disease type 1: impact of medium-chain triglycerides on metabolic control and growth. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;56(3):225-232.

Comparison of the phenolic-dependent antioxidant properties of coconut oil extracted under cold and hot conditions, 15 June 2009, Volume 114, Issue 4, Pages 1444-1449

Effect of ingestion of medium-chain triacylglycerols on moderate- and high-intensity exercise in recreational athletes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2009 Apr;55(2):120-125.

Comparison of the Effects of Coconut Oil and Soyabean Oil on TSH Level and Weight Gain in Rabbits, Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences ,ISSN 0972-5997, Volume 8, Issue 1; Jan-Mar 2009

Chemical properties of virgin coconut oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 2009 Vol. 86 No. 4 pp. 301-307

Antioxidant capacity and phenolic acids of virgin coconut oil. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 2:114-123.

Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerol on mRNA level of gluconeogenic enzymes in malnourished rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008 Dec;54(6):507-510.

Is oral nutritional therapy effective for the treatment of chylothorax? A case report. Nutrition. 2008 Jun;24(6):607-609.

The use of herbal medicines during pregnancy and perinatal mortality in Tumpat District, Kelantan, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2007 Nov;38(6):1150-1157.

Effects of coconut oil on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007 Jul;59(7):995-999.

Disorders of carnitine transport and the carnitine cycle. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2006;142C:77-85.

A randomized controlled trial on the use of virgin coconut oil in augmenting weight gain among infants weighing 1500 grams or less; preliminary results. Philipp J Pediatr. 2005 Oct-Dec 54(4):223-229.

The antioxidant effect of virgin coconut oil on lipid peroxidation. Philipp J Intern Med. 2005 Jul-Aug 43(4):199-204.

Virgin coconut oil supplemented diet increases the antioxidant status in rats. Journal Article,10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.06.056. Europe PubMed Central

Alcoholic fatty liver: its pathogenesis and mechanism of progression to inflammation and fibrosis. Alcohol. 2004 Aug;34(1):9-19.

Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols on serum lipoproteins and biochemical parameters in healthy men. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Aug;66(8):1713-1718.

Review of the toxicologic properties of medium-chain triglycerides. Food Chem Toxicol 2000 Jan:38(1):79-98

Systemic allergic reaction to coconut (Cocos nucifera) in 2 subjects with hypersensitivity to tree nut and demonstration of cross-reactivity to legumin-like seed storage proteins: new coconut and walnut food allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Jun;103(6):1180-1185.

Prevention of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis during pregnancy with medium-chain triglyceride nutritional support. Int J Pancreatol. 1998 Jun;23(3):187-192.

Nutritional and hormonal regulation of the gene for malic enzyme. Z Ernahrungswiss. 1998;37 Suppl 1:8-13.

Opposite effects of dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on ethanol-pharmacokinetics, triglycerides and carnitines. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994 Aug:13 (4):338-343.

Antigenotoxicity of Dietary Coconut Oil, Institute of Chemistry College of Science, Science Diliman 1991,(4)1

Coconut: a review of its uses as they relate to the allergic individual. Ann Allergy. 1983 Oct;51(4):472-481.

Chylous-fluid triglycerides and lipoproteins in a patient with chylothorax put on a diet of butter or medium-chain triglyceride proceeedings. Arch Int Physiol Biochim. 1980 Feb;88(1):B17-B19

Chylothorax as a manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis: its postoperative management with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Chest 1978;73;672-673

Oral treatment of carnitine myopathy. Lancet. 1977 Apr 16;1(8016):853.

Carnitine deficiency of skeletal muscle: report of a treated case. Neurology. 1976 Jul;26(7):633-637.

Nutritional aspects of chronic pancreatitis. Am J Clin Nutr 1973;26:367-373.

Medium Chain Triglycerides in Paediatric Practice. Arch Dis Child. 1970 August; 45(242): 445–452.

Miscellaneous

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Harnessing the Potentials of the Coconut Palm in the Nigerian Economy, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 7 (6): 684-691, 2011

Tungiasis and cutaneous larva migrans: unpleasant travel souvenirs. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2009 Dec;32(12):440-444.

Virgin coconut oil: emerging functional food oil, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Volume 20, Issue 10, October 2009, Pages 481–487

The Effect of Coconut Meal and Coconut Oil in Poultry Rations on the Performance of Laying Hens, Poultry Science Association Inc. October 8, 1971

Coconut Water Studies

Coconut water is the liquid endosperm found inside the coconut shell. Coconut milk is the juice extracted from the solid endosperm (kernel) of the coconut. Some writers make no distinction between coconut water and coconut milk, although the character, physical, and chemical properties of the two are very different. All of the studies in this section involve coconut water. References to coconut milk in the following studies are actually referring to coconut water.